Ethical Egoism - 1596 Words

Love Your Neighbor As Yourself: Response to Ethical Egoism PHIL-122 22 March 2013 We are often taught at an early age that when struggling to make a decision to â€Å"let our consciences be our guides†. Conscience can be defined as our adherence to moral principles, or our considerations of fairness and justice. The word â€Å"consideration† is used because every individual has their own standards for what they feel to be morally right versus what they feel to be morally wrong, however this concept is not as black and white as it may seem. We accredit our moral considerations to many external and internal factors. An example of an external factor is government laws because they are predetermined rules about behavior and action that have†¦show more content†¦Self-esteem is achieved when we accept the fact that we were not put on this Earth to serve the demands of others and by doing so we surrender our lives to be used as property for the sake of another’s gain. Once these values can be grasped and understood and we learn to figh t for our personal happiness above all else will we â€Å"will learn to live like men† because we will accredit pride as the reason and sum of our virtues. Louis Pojman is a philosopher and critique of Rand’s theories on ethical egoism and her disregard for the similarities between selfishness and self-interest. â€Å"Ethical egoism is utilitarianism reduced to the pinpoint of an individual ego. Instead of advocating the greatest happiness for the greatest number, as utilitarianism does, it advocates the greatest happiness for my-self.† (Pojman, 542) Pojman criticizes Rand for her assumption that the only options to achieve morality are to either to be an absolute egoist or an absolute altruist, when there are a number of alternatives offered between the two. A person who is simply altruistic will not be able to achieve happiness solely through his attention to the needs of others; the same way a simply egotistic person will not be able to achieve happiness s olely through his attention to himself. While Pojman acknowledges that self-love and self-interest as positive attributes, he believed that they can morally detrimental if they are executed at the expense of others. HeShow MoreRelatedEthical Egoism vs Deontological Egoism2268 Words   |  10 Pages3) Can Deontological Egoism avoid all the problems that confront unconstrained ethical egoism? In this essay I will argue that Deontological Egoism can rescue Unconstrained Ethical Egoism from a large number of its problems and that DE offers a more plausible and attractive Egoism theory Understanding Moral theories The goal of a moral theory is to meet certain moral principles. Various principles are argued for to be included as moral principles within a workable moral theory. We therefore can analyzeRead MoreA Look At Ethical Egoism Essay933 Words   |  4 PagesA look at Ethical Egoism Introduced in 1874 by Henry Sidgwick in his book The Moral of Ethics, Ethical Egoism is an ethical theory that states that one ought to do what is in their best long term interest. This theory states that a morally correct being must in all cases do the thing that will give them the best result for their long term being. [1] Ethical Egoism stems from the idea that the self is the most important thing and that an ethical being has a moral obligation to do what is in theRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychological Egoism And Ethical Egoism Essay1039 Words   |  5 PagesJames Rachels introduces in his written works, Egoism and Moral Skepticism, two different theories of human nature: psychological egoism and ethical egoism. The theory of psychological egoism refers to the view that all human actions are self-centered. On the other hand, the theory of ethical egoism is the idea that we are not obligated to do anything other than what is in our interest. Most individuals would consistently believe in ethical egoism because most generally care about the well-beingRead MoreEthical Egoism And The Ethics Of Care1845 Words   |  8 Pagesapply strong affirmative action programs at Lethbridge College in attempts to increase the representation of male registered nurses. Further investigation into the topic will be done through the application of ethical egoism and the ethics of care. Section A: Ethical Egoism Ethical Egoism is a normative theory which focuses on individualistic consequences (Burgess-Jackson, 2013). Everyone is said to be motivated by their own self-interest, as it is their moral obligation to do what is best for themselvesRead MoreThe Ethical Theory Of Ethical Egoism1423 Words   |  6 PagesEthical egoism is defined roughly by stating how people do things or react to what is in their best interest. This theory gets its meaning because the word â€Å"egoism† derives from the Latin term â€Å"ego†, meaning â€Å"I† in English (Moseley). The motivation of ethical egoism depends on how the situation will act upon one’s self-interest. In this paper, I am going to defend and explain that babies are born with morality of the ethical egoism theory. Ethical egoism stands out from the rest of the ethicalRead MoreEthical Egoism Essay1537 Words   |  7 Pagesspecifically, an ethical egoist is one who thrives to improve ones own self being, with much respect to morality. Ethical Egoism is the theory that one should pursue his or her own interest above all the rest. It is the idea that all persons should act from their own self interest in relation to morality. There are many different types of ethical egoism: Personal ethical egoism, Individual ethical egoism, Universal ethical egoism, Categorical egoism, and Hypothetical egoism. Personal ethical egoism is theRead MoreEgoism, Psychological And Ethical, And Altruism1141 Words   |  5 Pagesquestions bring to the surface the topics of egoism, psychological and ethical, and altruism. Egoism in general means that people think of their own advantage. They have high opinions of themselves and dote on themselves. Meaning they live and breathe off of self-praise. Most of the time this word has a negative connotation to it, and it is looked down upon (Flynn 459). Egoism falls into two categories: psychological and ethical. The term psychological egoism refers to the mindset that there is no suchRead MorePsychological and Ethical Egoism Essay1863 Words   |  8 Pages Egoism is a teleological theory of ethics that sets the ultimate criterion of morality in some nonmoral value (i.e. happiness or welfare) that results from acts (Pojman 276). It is contrasted with altruism, which is the view that ones actions ought to further the interests or good of other people, ideally to the exclusion of ones own interests (Pojman 272). This essay will explain the relation between psychological egoism and ethical egoism. It will examine how someone who believes in psychologicalRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychological And Ethical Egoism959 Words   |  4 PagesWhen looking at the ideas of egoisms, two major views come out in the form of psychological and ethical egoism. While both of the views hinge on the idea that everybody acts in their own self-interest, the major separator is that ethical egoist views their pursuit of their personal gain morally right (106), even if they have to kill or steal for it, compared to the psychosocial egoist who just state that the on ly thing that motivates humans is their self-interest while the moral standings stay theRead MorePsychological vs Ethical Egoism Essay1167 Words   |  5 PagesPsychological Egoism and Ethical Egoism: A Comparison Abstract There is a certain innate desire to help others, just as others will feel that same fulfillment for returning that aid. At the same time, however, there is also an inherent yearning to seek out one’s own best interest. This brings about a discussion regarding the difference between psychological egoism and ethical egoism. To understand the similarities and differences, one must first understand the two concepts including

Sports Management

Question: Write a report on "Sports Management". Answer: Introduction Responding to mess and getting favorable outcomes is always the clear focus of administrators, but often if forms to be a problem due to the emergence of significant hurdles within the system. Responding to certain issues becomes a managers first responsibility and it clearly reflects on the prowess that he or she possesses as a manager. Often it is seen that administrative mess is very tough to be eliminated and an organisation suffers the administrative mess created by a certain individual or a group of people. It is important to mention that responding to administrative mess involves different movements that ensures that the mess created is effective addressed and responded in order to go ahead with the operations of a particular organisation. Administrative shortfalls that affect the operations of a particular organisation have to be handled effectively or else it might affect the long term plans of a company (Jackson, 2014). The present case of Administrative mess highlights the problem of Montana State High School Athletic Association (MSHSAA) where the organisation has serious implications for poor sports management and its related aspects. The case study will highlight the different aspects of management that is relevant to administrative shortcomings of the organisation. The study will involve the discussions of several issues which pertain to the subject of strategic management in a company. The study takes into account strategic management issues, organisational behavior, human resource management and game officiating aspects. The case especially emphasises on the numerous administrative processes a sport administrator would face. The case clearly reveals the possible potential barriers an administrator is likely to face while trying to settle down in this industry. There are several issues that have been enlisted in this study clearly hinting at the potential threats that they could have on the su ccessful administration of a sports body (Pedersen Thibault, 2014). The present study will take an opportunity to effectively discuss the key issues involved with the case and effectively provide solutions to them in order to complete the study successfully. At the same time it will also try to delve deep into the aspects of organisational behavior and strategic management issues that will help to clear up the administrative mess and run the operations of the organisation smoothly. The key challenges and responsibilities of a sports administrator would be highlighted giving an opportunity to effectively analyse the validity and the reliability of the findings achieved from this present study. Presently the sports industry has a coordinators position and it is important for the students to realise the common issues and challenges that a coordinator faces. The coordinator requires certain skills sets to fulfill the administrative responsibilities and it is important for students stud ying management to be aware of the given administrative responsibilities and skill sets. The present study will be effective in engaging other sports management students as it discusses the administrative responsibilities that go with all the different sports administration positions. The present case of Montana State High School Athletic Association would help us to address the key objective of the study to effectively respond to administrative mess (Atalay et al., 2013). Challenges and Issues Faced in redesigning Basketball Referee Program at MSHSAA There are various challenges and issues which have gradually crept up and slowed down the development of the Referee program redesigning at Montana State High School Athletic Association. As given in the case study the organisation has not been handled well over the years by the previous administrator at the office and this has given rise to different issues and challenges that Mr. Davis Tripp has to address to develop the operation of the MSHSAA. There is a lot of information available for Tripp to utilise to make amends in the movement and strategic decisions made for the smooth operation of the organisation. There are numerous key challenges that the last administrator Mr. Jack Mason created for him to come and succeed. As a sports coordinator it is extremely important for Davis Tripp to identify the challenges and issues that are there to be solved. The present case of sport administration is multi faceted and has several issues related to administration (Horine Stotlar, 2013). The case has reflected that it has different issues and challenges in different sections of the organisation for instance strategic management issues, organisational behavior issues, and human resource management challenges, leaderships shortcomings et cetera. Secondly there are also lack of administrative policies and procedures pertinent to the officiating and organising basketball games. Apart from this it is also important to take care of the relevant issues to promote the interest of other sports like Baseball and Rugby et cetera. The challenges and issues are given below according to their importance and potential implications on the organisation: Strategic Management Issues: With Jack Mason leaving the office with a lot of setbacks behind him, it put MSHSAA in deep trouble (Houlihan, 2014). The former administrator did not have a great tenure at MSHSAA and had a lot of trouble regarding management issues. The organisation really failed to put up proper strategic management policies, it failed to develop mission, vision and objectives which is extremely important for the effective operation of the organisation. Strategic management issues are important and should be given paramount importance as this forms to be the pillar of an organisation. For a company framing mission, vision and objectives would help to achieve long term plans of the organisation. As there was no strategic management policy in the organisation it could be said that the MSHSAA would fall prey to different management loopholes that are likely to affect the operation of the organisation. It was quite visible during the tenure of Jack Mason that Montana State High School Athletic Associa tion reached new low which could be termed as the ramification of poor strategic management decisions. Hence it is quite important that during the tenure of Davis Tripp the MSHSAA successfully frames strategic management policies like effective mission, vision and short term and long term objectives which would help Mr. Tripp to bring the derailed back on track effectively (Rtten et al., 2009). In this case having the stakeholders on the same page is very important as poor strategic management policies have highly affected the stakeholders. The school basketball teams havent had a great season and on the other hand there were some severe issues which came up during the tenure of the former administrator which affected the relationship of MSHSAA with its stakeholders. The referees werent given proper appraisals and school teams werent provided with infrastructure to perform well. Basketball officiating issues: Basketball officiating issues reached a new low during the tenure of the former administrator. It is important to mention that Montana State High School Athletic Association emphasises on Basketball which has not undergone gradual development in the school which has become a real problem. This is what Davis Tripp will have to take into account when revamping the system for the development of the overall system. The basketball officiating system in MSHSAA has been affected as referees have given up working for this organisation due to its ill-treatment of the referees. The officiating system of the games has been affected and due to this the trust over the organisation has been affected (Gillentine et al., 2009). This issue was created as number of referees working for the organisation slowly and steadily decreased. It could be seen in the graph given below. Fig 1: Referees by number over the years The above graph shows that the number of referees officiating has decreased to a significant level in the past. When MSHSAA had around more than 900 registered officials officiating basketball games for the organisation in 1980 it gradually declined over the years and came up to almost half of what was there in the 80s to 500. This is one of the key reasons that MSHSAA has faced games officiating issues. It could be said that the poor relationship management by the former coordinator is one of the key reasons that so many referees have declined offers from Montana State High School Athletic Association. In the year 1980 when female officials were taking an opportunity to break into officiating basketball matches the MSHSAA was the best place to be which is clearly showed in the graph. During that time a total count of female officials was 200 which gradually increased up to 450 in between 1985 and 1990 but started experiencing a gradual decline from early 90s and now the count till 2 010 was the lowest o just around 100 may be even less than 100 female officials willing to officiating basketball matches. This is another major issue for Mr. Tripp as bringing more referees into action will help the organisation to revive its past glory and will have more choices in allocating officials in basket games (Sam, 2009). This is in fact a key movement as this will increase placements and will allow employment opportunities for people. Overall it is important to mention that most of the officiating issues will have to be eliminated as this could affect the performance of the organisation and will also deny the organisation to achieve organisational goals. Discrimination Issues: Tripp had a very informative discussion about the problems of officials especially discrimination issues with one of his long time acquaintances Amy Summit about the problems with the female referees. Amy had been a professional official for a long time and has faced significant problems as a female official. It has been seen from the above graph that the number of female officials has reduced drastically due to problems of discrimination. During the tenure of the former coordinator Mr. Mason there was no significant steps taken to reduce the problems of discrimination. Amy described the agony of her officiating career which came to an end due to certain discrimination issues. The discussion with Amy clearly showed that female officials were not given ample support and provisions which would help the female community to come ahead in sports officiating (Bravo et al., 2012). The discrimination against female was very clear from the words of Amy. She clearly stat ed that female referees were showed unwelcome gestures and even got affected by sexual innuendos which made them feel immensely insecured and also there was action taken to increase the employment of female referees. It is important to mention that issues with female referees were there for a long time and slowly and steadily increased giving a clear indication that were was no strong strategic policy about handling female referee employment. The female referees were judged only by their gender. The differentiation done based on the gender is clearly an issue and it could be said that the discrimination issue has to be eliminated from the game otherwise it could pose to be a problem for the game as well as for the long term plans of MSHSAA. The MSHSAA will have to analyse the situation and identify the discrimination issues in order to eliminate them effectively (Houlihan Green, 2009). Human resource issues: Under the coordinatorship of Jack Mason it was very clear that the human resource management wasnt done effectively. This created a lot of problem and naturally the performance of the employees has gone down. The key human resource problems that have already affected the performance of MSHSAA are recruitment and selection of officials, the problem of flexibility, mitigation of disputes and appraisals and evaluation of the coaches and referees. Human resource management is an extremely important aspect of an organisation. Especially in sports management human resource plays a very key role. In most of the cases at Montana State High School Athletic Association human resource issues have affected the performance of the organisation. The human resource management hasnt been that effective in MSHSAA. The recruitment and selection of the officials has not been done well and was highly biased. Since the pervious coordinator was not friendly enough and had poor employ ee relations it affected the operations. On the other hand biasness of the recruitment and selection process did not result to effective recruitment as the former coordinator was not able to recruit the efficient officials that have reflected later poorly on the basketball games (Hums McLean, 2013). The human resource policies of MSHSAA has not been able to help the officials in terms of work-life balance and has also failed to provide flexibility in their jobs which is directly related to the less number of officials working for the organisation. Work and personal life balance is very important for officials as it will help them to stay consistent and focus on their job effectively but in sports providing flexibility is very tough. As a coordinator it is important to fix schedules which would provide the officials the required flexibility so that they can balance the work life and personal life. If the human resource management is not handled properly it would have serious implica tions on the operations of the organisation. Finally the appraisals done on the officials under Jack Mason were not good and this clearly reflected from the information and the binders that Jack left before he left the office. It is important to mention that Tripp assessed the different information left by Mason and it was clear that most of officials were not retained by MSHSAA. It showed that poor appraisals are one of the major reasons that forced the experienced officials like Amy Summit to leave the profession (Harris Parker, 2009). At the same time hiring young people with lack of experience created real problems as they were not competent enough to officiating matches. This in turn gave real taint on the operations of MSHSAA. Hence it could be said that the human resource issues are another major problem for the association. Work Culture and ambience: As discussed earlier work culture and ambience is very important in every industry and especially the sports industry. Ambience is the environment where an individual works and it is important for every organisation to provide employees with effective work ambience. In sports especially for referees and umpires and other officials is always very tough and in this case the work culture and ambience at MSHSAA wasnt good under Mr. Mason which forced a lot of referees to quit the job. One of the examples is Amy Summit walking away from the officiating matches. It has to be said that the work culture at MSHSAA has to be revamped since under the former coordinator was not good and it reflected on the substantial section of the officials have walked away from officiating matches. Female officials had to face trepidations that gradually reduced the number of female officials working to officiate basketball matches. Tripp has a huge role to play in improving the wor k culture and ambience so that officials could be called back to work (Greenhalgh et al., 2011). Public relations and communications: Public relations and communication is extremely important aspect in every organisation. Public relations and communications is the best way to effectively keep connected with the media as well as the common mass. It is important to mention that public relation is key for MSHSAA as it provides the best possible platform to keep the people updated and also have an effective view of the constant work done by an organisation. Public relation is not effectively done in Montana State High School Athletic Association as Jack Mason the former Coordinator was not a good administrator and under him the organisation experienced different scandals which has pushed the company back to wall (Masteralexis et al., 2011). It could be said that since after the scandal in the Raptors and Columbia Fall Tigers match the coordinator Mason was not found to comment which was a he gap between the media that represented common and the organisation MSHSAA. The communication was not proper which could not justify the decision of deploying inexperienced referees chosen for such a high pressure state final match. Since the communication was not that effective and justifications were not provided the organisation had to face criticisms which was imminent in this scenario. Hence it could be said that public relations and communication stands to be a key issue for Tripp to take care. As seen in the case the wrong decisions made by the referees created unrest and wasnt communicated well by the organisation MSHSAA. Overall it could be said that these issues and challenges are important to be addressed as it will ensure that MSHSAA comes back to the track successfully (Ronalds Rapers, 2012). Training and development of the Referees: From the case of Raptors vs. Columbia Falls Tigers it is clear that the inexperienced referees are not able to handle pressure matches and tend to make mistakes. It is already discussed that to become an expert referee it needs at least 10000 hours of training and hence it could be said that lack of training and development was a major setback for MSHSAA. During Masons leadership training and development was not gives paramount importance that led to scandalous Montana State Championship final match. Out of this it is visible that lack of training and development will constantly affect the capabilities of the referees. Overall it could be said that training and development is a key issue which Davis Tripp the present Coordinator of Montana State High School Athletic Association will have to take care of (Grix, 2010). Referee Program rebuilding at MSHSAA For Davis Tripp to bring back the past glory of MSHSAA is the first objective and for that he has to take some key decisions which would help to implement certain ideas and plans that will visibly develop the position of the organisation in terms of sports officiating. For effective rebuilding of the referee programs at MSHSAA it is important to identify and assess the impact of different issues that affect the operation of the organisation. The above column has effectively identified challenges and issues which are key for the development of the organisation. The above section has helped to assess all the different challenges and based on their merits it has also helped to identify the three different issues which have to be prioritised. All the challenges are important to be eliminated for the smooth operation of the organisation but Strategic management issues, human resource issues and officiating issues are more important to be addressed first (Barroso et al., 2010). The human r esource management issue is chosen as a key priority as this involves the aspect of culture in it which becomes extremely important for a healthy environment at the workplace as well as provides a perfect platform to effectively develop ideas and plans for the development of the operations in MSHSAA. For the effective rebuilding of the Referee program the chosen three issues will have to be handled effectively. The human resource issues, strategic management issues and officiating issues are key issues for Montana State High School Athletics Association. For eliminating these issues and challenges successfully the organisation needs to frame strategies and goals and objectives which would help the company to mitigate these risks and challenges effectively. These objectives will strive to cover up the strategic management issues that become the pillar of the organisation, the human resource issues which will address the aspects of culture and other human resource related problems and finally the officiating issues that the organisation has faced in the recent past during the coordinatorship of Jack Mason (Ferkins et al., 2010). Goals and Objectives to eliminate challenges and issues It is important to frame goals and objectives (short term and long term) to effectively eliminate the issues and challenges faced by Montana State High School Athletics Association. Most of the time organisations fail to address issues and challenges due to lack of effectual agenda and hence in it becomes important that as a coordinator Davis Tripp takes small steps to be able to eliminate key challenges and issues faced by the organisation in organising referee rebuilding program. The different objectives framed are discussed below: Develop mission and vision for the organisation: Every organisation has a specific focus which acts to be the destination that an organisation wants to reach. Framing a mission statement will give MSHSAA an opportunity to set a perfect platform to go ahead with its agenda. It is a long term objective which the organisation has to frame and work accordingly. This is one of key movement made to eliminate the strategic management issues. Since the organisation doesnt have effective vision it has not been able to perform consistently enough in terms of creating expert referees and officials who will become most sought candidates for officiating basketball games. On the other hand vision will help the organisation to create minds that like to contemplate and develop the game by profound thinking and are likely to take sports to the next level. This objective will ensure that the company is making amendments for the development of the game, for the development of the career of referees and finally for the organisation (Burton et al., 2009). Stakeholder engagement: This is another key objective to develop strategic management at MSHSAA. The stakeholders are a very important part of every organisation and hence it is important for MSHSAA to involve them in the operation of the organisation. The involvement of stakeholders like media will help the organisation communicate in a better way which would improve the public relations of the organisations, and will help to realise what sports loving people want. Referees another key stakeholder is very important as well. They should be positively communicated and keep updated about the changes and implementations made which will help to be on the same page as the stakeholders and will provide the required support from them (Anderson Birrer, 2009). Forming Effective selection and recruitment panel: This objective will help to address the human resource issues to a large extent. Effective and qualified selection panel will be able to understand the true potential of the officials to be recruited. On the other hand this will also ensure that the selection and recruitment of the officials are done in an unbiased manner based only on merit. The officials are now recruited only by giving written tests but it will also help the panel of judges to see how equipped a referee is with their knowledge. This will help to recruit officials irrespective of the gender and will make the recruitment and selection procedure much more justified reducing any kind of error made during the entire procedure of selection (Knoppers McDonald, 2010). Framing better human resource policy: Framing better human resource policies is a long term objective that will help MSHSAA to make their human resource management stable. It will help to improve the practice of human resource management at MSHSAA and will also ensure that all the contracted officials are provided with all kinds of facilities that they deserve to get and did not receive during the tenure of Jack Mason the former coordinator at MSHSAA. Better human resource policy will take into account the different aspects of HRM like effective game allocation for the officials, increase in pay, flexibility and proper official treatment. This will help to improve the employee culture at MSHSAA and will also help to reduce the errors taking place in judgement by officials during games (Li et al., 2009). Enforcement of policies to reducing discrimination and quick recruitment: The officiating of basketball games have experienced worst days as there has been all sorts of discrimination especially with female officials which has reduced the number of female referees officiating basketball matches. On the other hand quick recruitment will help to increase the total number of officials gradually which will help to allocate officials for matches effectively and also will open an avenue to provide officials with flexibility in work which will help them to allocate time to their work life and personal life. This objective will help to emphasise on better work culture and opportunities to the officials and help them to establish their careers as referees. This will not only increase their confidence but will also provide moral boost to these officials (Hoye et al., 2015). Overall these objectives will be effective in meeting the key challenges and issues identified and will also help to eliminate them from MSHSAA so that the organisation to operate smoothly and devise plans to move forward. Action Plan Objective Action/Activity Target dates Status 1. Develop and support action groups for each of 3 priority areas. These action groups would then. Began effort at May 21, 2016 mtg. April 2017 Ongoing 2. Recruitment and selection Already framed a panel of experts and recruitment will be done shortly. Within six months of the initiative Starting soon. 3. Development of human resource policies Human resource department is sketched and key policies have started. Within six months from starting date. Ongoing 4. Develop assessment to measure effectiveness impact off the agenda document. Coordinator is personally taking care of the program. Assessment and monitoring is done on the extensive scale. Within 3 months. Ongoing 5. Develop a supportive environment for exchange of ideas, partnering, and involvement of stakeholders. Meetings have been done and stakeholders have been approached. Within end of September Ongoing In order to devise an effective plan it is important for Davis Tripp to have strong human and financial resources. It is important for every plan to have effective financial support as it wouldnt experience proper implementation. For the development of agendas and execution of the plans it is important to utilise resources which wouldnt be accessed if financial resources are not there. Apart from this it is important to mention that the above objectives would be achieved if there is available financial support from the organisation. In order to execute these objectives effectively it is important for the Tripp to get efficient people with him so that all the objectives are effectively implemented (Kenney et al., 2015). Reflective Account Personally undergoing this managerial assignment it could be said that I understood the core aspects of sports administration. Sports administration is an emerging field and hence it is extremely important that key aspects of management are effectual and implemented effectively for the successful completion of a management project. The present study comprises of different aspects like human resource management, officiating issues, strategic management issues et cetera. This case is multi faceted and hence it has helped me to understand the key concepts of sports administration. I have got a clear view of these different concepts and their use in sports administration. The study asked to enlist all the key issues and challenges which if not eliminated will affect the operations of the Montana State High School Athletic Association. It is important to mention that concepts of strategic management and human resource management play a very crucial role in this case and has helped me to d evelop cognitive intelligence in relation to strategic management. The change management is the biggest hurdle for me and it can be only overcome by effective discussion with all the layers of the organisation and through assurance that a change management will ensure success to the company. On the other hand it will also be promised that only based on performance employees will be retained and under no other circumstances. The case has helped me to develop strategic mission, vision and effective objectives for the company that would help me to develop potential ideas and plans for the development of effective strategy. On the other hand as a coordinator it is also important for me to develop ideas to mitigate discrimination issues especially for females. The case of administrative mess has helped me to realise the potential threats to management of an organisation especially in the sports administration it is very important to have gender equality and hence having effective strategic management policies would help to provide equality in all respect. As a sports coordinator it is very important to have effective communication skills and public relation ideas which will help the organisation to be on the same page with their stakeholders. In this case there are multiple issues of communication which has helped me to plan and implement different ideas which has helped me to develop my public relationship skills. Sport management involves handling different aspects of sports especially arbitration, and officiating challenges. It has helped me to understand the issues of different officials and address them effectively to help them be in a position of peace. The study has help me to comprehend the impact of effective human resource policies as it was very visible from the case that poor human resource management could have negative impact on the administration. Hence it is now clear for me that strategic management issues and human resource issues are not merely theoretically important but it is also important practically. Finally the study has also helped me to understand to provide flexibility, work-life balance to officials and proper training and development which will help me in the long run. For officials keeping up with the pace of the game is very important and hence having a physically fit body is extremely important. I have realised that for referees it is important that proper training and development is important and as a coordinator I will emphasise on it in case I get the responsibilities of a coordinator. Overall to conclude it is important to mention that this study has helped me to realise the different concepts of sport s administration and their importance of implementation for growth and development. Conclusion and Recommendation It is important to implement certain tools and techniques which will help to comprehend that objectives are executed well. Mere framing of objectives are not effective and they have to be implemented effectively in order to ensure success of the overall action plan. To monitor objectives are executed well the coordinator could implement actions which will help to deal with objectives. For instance Tripp in this case can frame a team who will constantly take care of the operations of the organisation. The human resource management and strategic management objectives could be monitored through constant evaluation every fortnight. Its progress and improvement can be evaluated through effective scrutiny and development programs. Overall it could be said that this study has been effective enough in developing intelligence on sports administration that would help in the long run (Boyle Haynes, 2009). References Anderson, K.S. and Birrer, G.E., 2011. Creating a sustainable competitive advantage: a resource-based analysis of the Gonzaga University mens basketball program.Journal of Sport Administration and Supervision,3(1). Atalay, A., Ycel, A.S. and Boztepe, E., 2013. A Different Approach to The Modern Sport Administration: Method of ÄÂ °nnovation. Barroso, O., Schamasch, P. and Rabin, O., 2009. Detection of GH abuse in sport: past, present and future.Growth Hormone IGF Research,19(4), pp.369-374. Boyle, R. and Haynes, R., 2009.Power play: Sport, the media and popular culture. Edinburgh University Press. Bravo, G., Won, D. and Shonk, D.J., 2012. Entry-Level Employment in Intercollegiate Athletic Departments: Non-Readily Observables and Readily Oberservable Attributes of Job Candidates.Journal of Applied Sport Management,4(1). Burton, L.J., Barr, C.A., Fink, J.S. and Bruening, J.E., 2009. Think athletic director, think masculine?: Examination of the gender typing of managerial subroles within athletic administration positions.Sex Roles,61(5-6), pp.416-426. Ferkins, L., McDonald, G. and Shilbury, D., 2010. A model for improving board performance: The case of a national sport organisation.Journal of Management Organization,16(04), pp.601-621. Gillentine, A., Crow, R.B. and Harris, J., 2009. Introduction to the sport industry.Foundations of sport management, pp.1-14. Greenhalgh, G.P., Simmons, J.M., Hambrick, M.E. and Greenwell, T.C., 2011. Spectator support: Examining the attributes that differentiate niche from mainstream sport.Sport Marketing Quarterly,20(1), p.41. Grix, J., 2010. The governance debateand the study of sport policy.International journal of sport policy,2(2), pp.159-171. Harris, J. and Parker, A. eds., 2009.Sport and social identities. Palgrave Macmillan. Horine, L. and Stotlar, D., 2013.Administration of physical education and sport programs. Waveland Press. Houlihan, B. and Green, M., 2009. Modernization and sport: The reform of Sport England and UK Sport.Public administration,87(3), pp.678-698. Houlihan, B., 2014.The Government and Politics of Sport (RLE Sports Studies)(Vol. 6). Routledge. Hoye, R., Smith, A.C., Nicholson, M. and Stewart, B., 2015.Sport management: principles and applications. Routledge. Hums, M.A. and MacLean, J., 2013.Governance and policy in sport organizations. Jackson, R., 2014. Sport administration manual. Kenney, W.L., Wilmore, J. and Costill, D., 2015.Physiology of Sport and Exercise 6th Edition. Human kinetics. Knoppers, A. and McDonald, M., 2010. Scholarship on gender and sport in Sex Roles and beyond.Sex roles,63(5-6), pp.311-323. Li, K.X., Ma, W.P., Qiu, L. and YOU, B., 2009. An empirical analysis of topic selection of general sport administration of chinas sport social science and soft science study.Journal of Beijing Sport University,32(10), pp.31-35. Masteralexis, L., Barr, C. and Hums, M., 2011.Principles and practice of sport management. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Pedersen, P.M. and Thibault, L. eds., 2014.Contemporary Sport Management, 5E. Human Kinetics. Ronalds, C. and Raper, E., 2012.Discrimination law and practice. Federation Press. Rtten, A., Abu-Omar, K., Frahsa, A. and Morgan, A., 2009. Assets for policy making in health promotion: overcoming political barriers inhibiting women in difficult life situations to access sport facilities.Social Science Medicine,69(11), pp.1667-1673. Sam, M.P., 2009. The public management of sport: wicked problems, challenges and dilemmas.Public management review,11(4), pp.499-514.

The Outsiders Essay Samples Help!

The Outsiders Essay Samples Help! Choosing Good Outsiders Essay Samples Hinton produced a huge imagery, strong characters like Dallas Winston and one of a kind characters that are obsessed with Mickey Mouse cartoons. Ponyboy Curtis is the principal character of this novel. Ponyboy Curtis, the major character, needs to overcome adversity. Life, Death and the Outsiders Essay Samples Amazon Kindle The following regions of the paper will concentrate on the item innovation strategies and programmes behind the evolution of Amazon Kindle. At our essay assistance, essays are always delivered in a brief moment. It is advised to look for the one which has a superior reputation and offers high-quality papers at economical prices. We offer flexible system of discounts, but in addition our discount policy which allows you to conserve money on ordering essays at one time. This is due to the cultures in the campus. I am presently employing this with my 8th grade students and it's been a lifesaver! Therefore, many students and employees decide to obtain cheap essay rather than writing it themselves. Hinton utilizes this simile so as to elucidate how Darrell is observed from Ponyboy's point of view. Johnny Cade is a quality instance of a timid gangster. He kills Bob in order to save Ponyboy. He is not so lucky, enduring major burns. A hero could be several things. He is someone who has devoted his or her life to something more than their individual wellbeing. He is someone who has given his or her life to something bigger than oneself. He could be anyone or anything. The Little-Known Secrets to the Outsiders Essay Samples Youth involvement in crime is practically cyclical. Violence defines them, it's the sole thing they are aware they have in common. Darry is made to work two jobs to continue to keep his family together. Ensure you take some opportunity to explore out website and see the ideas which are out there. Additionally, a customer may ask the writer to submit part of the job for review and, if needed, ask them to make corrections. Dally risked jail time to assist them, offering a gun, money, and a program. This has been shown to be an extremely powerful and quick method to assist with a writing assignment and find the business done properly. It isn't always the case to rise as much as a challenge and confront it. I used ton't want anybody to receive a flat tire. You don't have to keep reading in order to fix an issue. New Ideas Into the Outsiders Essay Samples Never Before Revealed The huge question is who has the inside details about the cultures. On the flip side, the majority or the insider doesn't desire to get involved with the minority. In today society it's difficult not to feel to be an outsider. The outsiders don't even dare make an effort to accept the transformed being. Sodapop was torn between both sides. The struggle inside this narrative is the result. Nevertheless, the novel has succeeded in turning into one of the most highly rated books for young adults and is employed in the majority of high schools around the country. The film touches on a lot of essential aspects involved with the examination of youth crime. Rising action of the film is when the 2 boys spend the night at the park and get in a fight with a few of the socs. The Outsiders is among the best films made! I honestly believe that the violence is quite predictable in the novel. Concerning the plot, violence plays a wonderful role in the message of the novel that's to be stated later. The writing is crystal clear and simple to comprehend. The reader can locate this sort of descriptions almost everywhere in the story, but particularly in the start. Some passages indicate that greasers don't need to get thought of as different. Other passages indicate their style is intended to set them apart.

Gatsby and Great Expectations Essay Topics - Writing Good Essays

Gatsby and Great Expectations Essay Topics - Writing Good EssaysGreat Gatsby and Great Expectations Essay Topics - A Short Review One of the key features that made the great books of the past so enjoyable to read was the engaging subject matter. There were no boundaries of genre or modernity, because everyone who enjoyed a novel from that era knew that the story they were reading was a slice of life and had nothing to do with modernity. In this article I am going to discuss three Great Expectations Essay Topics you can use to engage your students with Great Gatsby and Great Expectations.Politics - One of the first of the Great Expectations Essay Topics is politics. There is no greater subject than politics, because it is the only realm of human existence that does not have boundaries of age or nationality. In addition, all political leaders are politicians by trade, and all politics are tactics of getting votes. One of the defining characteristics of the great novels of the past is t he ability to engage students on the complex question of politics and how the two great American dynasties fought for the top political job.Gatsby is more contemporary than the political power of the last generation. Gatsby has a grand house in the Hamptons, a fleet of cars, and he knows everything there is to know about socialites and 'good friends.' Gatsby could be the liberal cause célèbre, and the great novel would still engage your students. If you are going to write about Gatsby, get them engaged. It's easier than you think.Government - Another one of the Great Expectations Essay Topics is government. If you want to use government as the central theme of your class, that's fine. But, you also want to remember that government is not just an organizational process or a collection of laws, but a process in which people make choices about what kind of society they want to live in.Abstract thinking - This is another one of the Great Expectations Essay Topics that you can use to e ngage your students. When you begin to teach, you learn very quickly that some people learn better than others. When you ask your students to write about a topic, don't expect that every student will come up with a great essay.But if you use Great Expectations Essay Topics to get your students thinking and to encourage them to make a great essay, your class will be far more interesting and fun than it would be otherwise. Let your students think about these things, and let them have a lot of freedom to set the tone. Encourage them to put their ideas into words. Do the writing!Formal Thinking - The third one of the Great Expectations Essay Topics is that these essays are a form of formal learning. You don't have to be a formal language scholar to appreciate these great essays. When students learn to think creatively and to express their ideas using language that is clear and short, they develop a valuable skill that will carry over into their everyday lives. That's why writing in the form of an essay is such a great idea.These essay topics are by no means the only ones that you can use in your classes. But they are some of the many great ones that will engage your students and make them think.

The Advantages of Greek Heroes Essay Topics

The Advantages of Greek Heroes Essay Topics Anyway, you might read the testimonials of our clients. There are a number of reasons why you ought to prefer our services. We constantly attempt to make our clients feel comfortable. Take for example, Shreenabh Agrawal. You've made such a massive effect on my life. My essay reason supporting the motion that workers ought to be permitted to strike is to be able to bring to the argumentative poor security conditions. A number of these everyday heroes are those folks who do their base as a way to serve others, if it be their family members, their neighbors, their country, or even anyone in the entire world. Walmart high price of low rates essay. The Bizarre Secret of Greek Heroes Essay Topics And then you are going to see something amazing. Think of all of the times that things happen in nature because of an Olympian. While others could only desire to be someone they aren't. Be certain to include quotes from such works where appropriate. You would like your paper to differ. And he then walked off to the job at hand. There isn't any question about that. They'll consult you on any problem. Every character in myths has their own function to play. His revenge was supposed to kill Perseus. The character of gods differs in the 2 mythologies. The heroes are often thought to be an isolated case because of their uniqueness. Monsters are extremely frightful to humans due to the fact that they represent two things that humans are fearful of. Heroes are everyday characters, and should you look hard enough you will discover hero in your life. It is said that heroes aren't born, but made. A hero will help someone since they wish to, not since they have to. He is a person who is able to help another in various ways. He does something that effects a large number of people. Presently, the ancient heroes like Hercules and Achilles are still called the best individuals by huge numbers of people. We bleed the exact same blood. This is the point where the upcoming general characteristic comes in. The second reason humans are terrified of monsters is that monsters usually pose a danger to their well being. He believed they were fighting for the wrong intent. That very first man proved to be a legitimate hero. It truly is nearly not possible for a generation that's modern of to fully capture the surprise as well as the eroticism of the moment. While I hear the term hero, I look past all of the fame, and fortune. The fifth and last hero I am likely to look at is Superman. On the flip side, there are those fathers that are actively involved in all specifics of their youngster's development. Your orders will be carried out exactly as you desire. Being a clerk isn't an easy job. If there's a relevant historical date, you will need to spell out the reason it's relevant. You will soon locate the official data about us. It's possible to verify this information on the web. How to compose an event proposal. This is dominican music essay very considerable essay we have to tackle globally not only in argumentative usa. Reading example essays works the exact same way! Some individuals watch television since they wish to be updated about what is going on in the essay. The american manner of writing an essay program. Choose one Greek philosopher to concentrate on. The growth of primate intelligence essay. How to reach your ambition essay.

How to Use an Expository Essay Sample to Writing a Great Paper

How to Use an Expository Essay Sample to Writing a Great PaperThe most important part of an academic paper is the expository essay sample. This is the way that you explain your subject in a way that will make it clear for your reader. Of course, the topic is a powerful tool to use in helping your readers understand the whole topic and the subtopics as well.There are numerous ways to come up with the sample essay. If you really want to create the correct one, you need to keep a few things in mind. First, you need to make sure that you start your expository essay sample from the point of view of the reader. You should always try to imagine the reader's perspective of the topic, in addition to doing research on the topic.Make sure that you carefully consider the audience that you will be writing for. Is the audience intended to be students or professionals? Is it supposed to be business people or academic people? Take into consideration the intent of the readers before you start writing about the topic.Next, you need to have the proper focus in your focus. Choose the topic that has the most likely to give you great clarity on your topic. However, never forget that writing about the topic can be difficult for many students, so it is imperative that you choose the appropriate focus for your focus.The length of your essay also plays a crucial role in how it is presented to your readers. Write it carefully so that it not only suits the subject, but also fits into the available space that you have allotted for the essay. Make sure that the length you chose has a clear scope.Think carefully about what you would like to say in your expository essay sample. Study the popular genres to find the topics that most people find fascinating. These topics usually include science, politics, psychology, religion, and technology, to name a few.With all these tips, you should now have a clear idea of how to choose the expository essay sample that you will use in order to write your f inal paper. By following the above mentioned guidelines, you will be able to write the perfect expository essay.

Service quality and customer satisfaction are important to marketers Essay Example

Service quality and customer satisfaction are important to marketers Essay 1. Introduction It is the job of a marketer to realise, understand and effectively make use of how a customer can best provide the business with the profit that it strives for. As marketing in the 21st century has moved away form traditional offensive strategies and moving towards defensive strategies where pull factors become vital when attracting and maintaining customers. A customer will purchase a product or service for a number of reasons, all however, are to satisfy the customers need or want at that moment in time. If we can understand what motivates the customer to purchase we can start to understand how and why the customer becomes one of the businesses biggest asset as it is the customer who affects the bottom line measures of success, namely profits. We will write a custom essay sample on Service quality and customer satisfaction are important to marketers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Service quality and customer satisfaction are important to marketers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Service quality and customer satisfaction are important to marketers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In order to analyse the title statement and ascertain outcomes and conclusions this paper will examine both classical and modern day literature making reference to how the areas of service quality, satisfaction and customer retention have been focused upon in academia. This paper shall endeavor to highlight any relevance links between these areas of business whilst answering the question of the statements validity in modern-day business. Breaking down the title quote will allow us to compare and contrast past literature on the subject and how they relate to each other. 2. Service Quality Berry et al (1988) defines service quality: Service quality can often make the difference between a businesss success and failure and Quality is conformance to customer specifications; it is the customers definition of quality, not managements that counts. These quotes put in context the importance of service quality and how important it is to focus on the customer when aiming to create this quality in service. Berry et al (1988) describe service quality as being a major differentiator for businesses as well as being a powerful competitive weapon. There has been overwhelming literature on the subject of service quality on the past two decades. Gronroos (1984) explains a customers perception of service quality: it is reasonable to state that the perceived quality of a given service will be the outcome of an evaluation process, where the consumer compares his expectations with the service he perceives he has received, i.e. he puts the perceive service against the expected service. The result if this process will be perceived quality of the service. If a customer enters the market place with low expectations of the service he or she is about to experience it is likely that if the service is better than expected the perceived level of quality of service will be high. Similarly, if expectations are high it is going to be harder for the supplier to meet the customers expectations. The service quality cannot simply be determined by the organization, it must come from the customer. If the supplier can realize what the customer wants, and more importantly, what the customer expects, it can use this information when attempting to serve the customer. Gronroos (1984) goes on to describe Technical and Functional quality, see The Service Quality Model figure 1 below: The technical quality is the outcome of the transactional. This is what the customer attempts to find when entering the market place and seeks to satisfy the original want or need. The functional quality is how well the service does its job and is what contributes to the quality of the service. Once the technical and functional qualities are added to the image of the service the customer can start to evaluate its service quality. The image of the organization and the image of service itself can dramatically affect the way in which the customer perceives the overall service quality. Gronroos (1984) also explains that: image may be a quality dimension. If a consumer believes that he goes to a good restaurant and the meal, for instance is not perfect, or the behaviour of the waiter is irritating, he may still find the perceived service satisfactory. Zeithaml and Bitner (p.92, 2003) explain how consumers judge service quality: Over the years service researchers have suggested that consumers judge the quality of services based on their perceptions of the technical outcome provided, the process by which that outcome was delivered, and the quality of the physical surroundings where the service is delivered. The Interactions Qualities are the qualities that the organization attempts to serve the customer with, such response times and the ability to communicate clearly with the customer. Any combination of the five factors above contribute to how the customer perceives the service quality he or she receives during the interaction between them and the organization. The Physical Surroundings that the customer is aware of is another quality that contributes to service quality. This can be as simple as a comfortable chair for the customer to sit on whilst he or she is dealing with the organization the perception of a customers surroundings can influence a customers overall perception of service quality. An example of this would be Nike Town where the whole where the customer is encouraged to fully engage in the shopping experience as it becomes a day out offering customers to perceive excellent quality service. The Outcome Qualities are what gets the customers attention and what the customer wants to get out of the interaction with the organization. For example, if a customer wanted a jacket to be dry-cleaned the clean jacket would be the outcome quality. Again, the five factors listed above make up an overall perception for the customer on the outcome quality. Parasuraman, et al (1985) describe how understanding customer expectations through market research and open communication with employees contributes to the five service quality dimensions. If an organization can gain information about the market it can more effectively create superior service dimensions for the customer by identifying what the customer wants and how these wants fit into the market as a whole. Open communication with employees also allows the organization to gain first hand data on customer responses as employees often received on-the-spot feedback from customers. Parasuraman, et al (1985) also describes how management commitment to service and employee performance impact on how the service dimensions are perceived. Zeithaml Bitner (1996) describe the zone of tolerance and the two levels of service expectation, see figure 3. Figure 3 The zone of tolerance lies between a perceived adequate level of service and the desired level of service. Due to the nature of services variation can often arise from serving one customer to another. One customer may even experience different levels of service, or a lack or consistency, from one transaction to another. The zone of tolerance allows for an amount of variation where the customer still finds the service to be acceptable if the perceived level of service drops below the acceptable level the customer will become frustrated and dissatisfied. The zone of tolerance can increase or decrease for individual customers depending on factors including competition, price or importance of specific service attributes (Lovelock et al, p.127, 1999) For example, if a customer was given a complimentary holiday from a travel company they are likely to have a larger zone of tolerance than if they had paid full price. The level of service they receive may drop to below what they would usually accept but because the holiday was free they may not be dissatisfied. Just three years later Burrell and Gale (1987) show us the PIMS Principle (figure 4) and the relationship between Relative Quality and Relative Market share. This is a useful model to understand as it brings in the Return on Investment (ROI) which most models do not include. The equations are: High Market Share + High Quality = High ROI Low Market Share + Low Quality = Low ROI We must remember that service quality is rarely described as a cheap or short-term implemented part of business. Berry et al makes it clear that service quality is long term if it is to work. There are no ways to change the attitudes, habits, knowledge, and skills of human beings quickly. Service quality can add a valued differentiator to the products offered where goods in todays environment are largely undifferentiated. However, this will inevitably have an instant effect on bottom line success in that it will costing will increase. 3. Customer Satisfaction We can define customer satisfaction: Satisfaction is the consumers fulfillment response. It is a judgment that a product or service feature, or the product or service itself, provides a pleasurable level of consumption-related fulfillment. Zeithaml and Bitner (2003) quote R. L. Oliver. Satisfaction happens when the customer perceives the product or service to at least meet their expectations. The customer may experience fulfillment, contentment, pleasure, delight or relief. If the customers needs or wants are not met he or she will become dissatisfied. Zeithaml and Bitner (2003) go on to compare customer satisfaction: Although they have certain things in common, satisfaction is generally viewed as a broader concept, whereas service quality assessment focuses specifically on dimensions of service. Based on this view, perceived service quality is a component of customer satisfaction. We can see how the Customer Perceptions of Quality Customer Satisfaction model (Zeithaml and Bitner, 2003) is completed in figure 5. Figure 5 We can see that price is introduced as a contributing factor to customer satisfaction, whereas as price does not contribute to service quality. Most importantly, we can see that situational and personal factors influence customer satisfaction. These factors are beyond the control of the organization and are part of individual customers and what they bring with them to the market place. Customers emotions can also affect their perceptions of satisfaction, Positive emotions such as happiness, pleasure, elation and a sense of warm-heartednesss enhanced customers satisfaction (Zeithaml Bitner, 2003) Zeithaml are offering the notion of emotional transactions with the service delivery and if organizations factor this into the delivery it is likely to enduce a positive outcome of customer satisfaction, hence customer satisfaction is in itself an emotional state. This is important to marketers, as a customer with already positive emotions is likely to respond to the service quality with an already positive outlook when dealing with the supplier. Negative emotions will, however, have the opposite affect. negative emotions such as sadness, sorrow, regret and anger led to diminished customer satisfaction. (Zeithaml Bitner, 2003) Cronin Taylor (1992) describes the results from their study on Service Quality that they link to satisfaction and the relationship the results are as follows: (1) a performance-based measure of service quality may be an improved means of measuring the service quality construct, (2) service quality is an antecedent of consumer satisfaction, (3) consumer satisfaction has a significant effect on purchase intentions, (4) service quality has less effect on purchase intentions than does consumer satisfaction. 4. Defections Management Realising and effectively managing how and why customers decide to leave, or defect, from your company can have a positive impact on bottom line success. Companies can boost profits by almost 100% by retaining just 5% more of their customers. (Reichheld Sasser, p.105, 1990) Reichheld Sasser (1990) explain the cost of losing a customer in relation to the initial spend made by companies to gain the customer in the first place. An example of a credit card is used to demonstrate how attracting one customer can cost as much as $50 but this outlay is not recouped until year two. They explain that operating costs decrease the longer the customer stays with the company, and revenues increase year on year as the customer becomes more confident in using the service. Costs are likely to decrease as a more confident customer is expected to spend less time asking questions and more time making use of the service i.e. spending. Defections Management can also result in increased profits from referrals and price premiums. 5. Repeat Purchasing and Retention Customer repurchase intention is influenced by seven important factors service quality, equity and value, customer satisfaction, past loyalty, expected switching cost and brand preference. (Hellier et al, 2003) Past loyalty to the product is likely to influence the customer making another purchase simply due to the loyalty the customer feels towards the business. If a customer has been loyal in the past it may feel perfectly natural to carry on with a system that has worked in the past. Large organizations, for example, will often order supplies such as stationary from the same supplier because they have systems in place to make those orders due to past loyalties with the supplier. The expected switching cost can be a major contributing factor to repurchases in industries where joining fees or get-out clauses exist. Jones Sasser (1995) compare satisfaction with retention at Rank Xerox in the early 1990s (Figure 6). High levels of retention are not met until the customer is very satisfied. Just not dissatisfying the customer or even satisfying the customer is not enough to gain 50% or higher levels of retention. Rust et al (1995), however, say that scores of 5 will result in 97%, a score of 3s and 4s will result in 95% retention. We can see from this that satisfaction to retention varies from one organization to another, as well as from industry to industry. Figure 7 (Jones Sasser, 1995) displays how this relationship changes dependant on industry. A service such a telephone service provider (or most utility providers) often serve their customers because there is none or very little alternatives available. Contracts and notice to leave also result in customers staying with their service provider because it is more convenient, even if they are not especially satisfied. A motorcar supplier is shown to have the opposite affect as there is much choice in the market and customers are free to purchase how and when they like. Technological advances may also influence if and when a customer defects from one company to another, as they may desire new technology from a competitor. Robert Weisman, Boston Globe (2004) supports this notion: Some customers may feel trapped theyll continue doing business with their vendors because they have to, not because they want to. We can also explore the notion that loyal customers have a direct postive affect on bottom line business success. Much literature on loyal agrees that loyal customers will be more familiar with a companys transactional processes and therefore should find it cheaper to serve them (Reinartz et al, 2002) Reinartz et al (2002 ) do not agree fully that loyal customers have a direct positive affect on profits: Specifically, we discover little or no evidence to suggest that customers who purchase steadily from a company over time are necessarily cheaper to serve, less price sensitive, or particularly effective in bringing in new business.